Minggu, 02 Maret 2008

literature

Literature

Definition of Literature

The word "literature" has different meanings depending on who is using it and in what context. It could be applied broadly to mean any symbolic record, encompassing everything from images and sculptures to letters. In a more narrow sense the term could mean only text composed of letters, or other examples of symbolic written language (Egyptian hieroglyphs, for example). An even more narrow interpretation is that text have a physical form, such as on paper or some other portable form, to the exclusion of inscriptions or digital media. The Muslim scholar and philosopher Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (702-765 AD) defined Literature as follows: "Literature is the garment which one puts on what he says or writes so that it may appear more attractive. Panghilito Luigi added that literature is a slice of life that has been given direction and meaning, an artistic interpretation of the world according to the percipient's point of views. Frequently, the texts that make up literature crossed over these boundaries. Illustrated stories, hypertexts, cave paintings and inscribed monuments have all at one time or another pushed the boundaries of "literature."

Old english poetry

The earliest form of English literature developed after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England after the withdrawal of the Romans and is known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. The most famous work in Old English is the epic poem Beowulf. The only surviving manuscript is the Cotton manuscript. The precise date of the manuscript is debated, but most estimates place it close to the year 1000.(The oldest surviving text in English is Cædmon's Hymn)A popular poem of the time was "The Dream of the Rood." It was inscribed upon the Ruthwell Cross.Another poem was "Judith (poem)." It was a retelling of the story found in the Latin Bible's Book of Judith of the beheader of the Assyrian general Holofernes.Chronicles contained a range of historical and literary accounts; one example is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Alfred Douglas. 1870–

The Green River

I know a green grass path that leaves the field

And, like a running river, winds along

Into a leafy wood, where is no throng

Of birds at noon-day; and no soft throats yield

Their music to the moon. The place is sealed,

5

An unclaimed sovereignty of voiceless song,

And all the unravished silences belong

To some sweet singer lost, or unrevealed.

So is my soul become a silent place....

Oh, may I wake from this uneasy night

10

To find some voice of music manifold.

Let it be shape of sorrow with wan face

Or love that swoons on sleep, or else delight

That is as wide-eyed as a marigold.

This poetry there’s at 1870 and this poetry is story about green river at night with high place.

Padraic Colum. 1881–

An Old Woman of the Roads

O, TO have a little house!

To own the hearth and stool and all!

The heaped up sods upon the fire,

The pile of turf against the wall!

To have a clock with weights and chains

5

And pendulum swinging up and down!

A dresser filled with shining delph,

Speckled and white and blue and brown!

I could be busy all the day

Clearing and sweeping hearth and floor,

10

And fixing on their shelf again

My white and blue and speckled store!

I could be quiet there at night

Beside the fire and by myself,

Sure of a bed and loth to leave

15

The ticking clock and the shining delph!

Och! but I'm weary of mist and dark,

And roads where there's never a house nor bush,

And tired I am of bog and road,

And the crying wind and the lonesome hush!

20

And I am praying to God on high,

And I am praying Him night and day,

For a little house—a house of my own—

Out of the wind's and the rain's way.

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